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This study seeks to ascertain the identification and origins of the commodities in trade between the Levant and Aegean during the Persian period, ca. 540-330 B.C. Using Semitic and Greek textual sources, as well as numismatic, epigraphic and archaeological evidence, I identify and discuss nearly 200 commodities, including spices, pigments, dyes, chemicals, and manufactured items such as coinage and ceramics. In the final chapter, a synthesis of the material is presented along with the historic and economic conclusions for Persian period trade that can be drawn from the assembled evidence.
This chapter considers the relationship between the consumption of commodities imported via long distance trade and the ideal of communal economic self-sufficiency (autarkeia). In the first part of the chapter, aggregated data for commodities appearing in long distance Levantine-Aegean trade in the archaic and classical periods are presented. Drawn from textual and archaeological sources, these data demonstrate not only the wide range of commodities in trade—dozens of items including raw materials, processed goods, and finely wrought objects—but also the apparent increase in the number of items appearing in trade over time. Based on these observations, the second part of the chapter argues that a process of increasing “democratization” of access to imports, including co-called luxury goods, and the concurrent development of consumerism in the Aegean world, and in Athens particularly, complicated any notion of communal economic self-sufficiency. As individuals developed life styles involving imported goods, and poleis became dependent on the import taxes derived from these goods to fill state coffers for communal purposes, the ideal of autarkeia moved ever farther from becoming a reality.
Tbe purpose of this article is to discuss certain aspects of regional and interregional trade in tbe Eastern Mediterranean from tbe Late Hellenistic to tbe Middle Roman period, on the background of new evidence for the distribution in Cyprus of fine wares, i.e. slipped and tbin-walled ceramic vessels primarily used as tableware. t An exhaustive analysis of tbe exchange mechanisms is beyond tbe scope of the present investigation; it is intended as a case study, the conclusions of which should be tested by future analyses of otber classes of artifacts than the ones higbligbted below. Studies dealing with questions of pots and trade face formidable obstacles. We lack evidence from some of the most important sites, and work based on distribution maps runs the risk of documenting "areas of scholarly research, rather than actual distribution patterns: 2 Tbe representativity of the material-both witb regard to the available publications and to the individual excavations-is the most vital issue. Still, it is surely legitimate at any time to examine the evidence and to formulate bypotheses on the basis of what is known at present-provided that the above-mentioned limitations are taken into account.
In B. Fischer-Genz, Y. Gerber and H. Hamel (eds.), Roman pottery in the Levant. Local production and regional trade. Proceedings of the round table held in Berlin, 19-20 February 2010, Roman and Late Antique Mediterranean Pottery 3: 53-65.
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